ARPANET Essay Example For Students

ARPANET Essay The USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite. In the late 1960s the U.S. military was desperately afraid of a nuclear attack from the Soviet Union. The United States formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense to establish a bombproof network to connect military bases. ARPANETs physical network was established in 1969 to enable universities and research organizations to exchange information freely. The first two nodes that formed the ARPANET were UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute, shortly after the University of Utah was added to ARPANET. The Network Control Protocol (NCP) was initially used as the ARPANET protocol, beginning in 1970. By 1971, a total of 23 hosts at 15 locations were connected to the ARPANET. The following year, the first international connections occurred, linking the University College of London (UK) and the Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) to the ARPANET. The way ARPANET was set up is so that if one of the network links became disrupted by enemy attack, the traffic on it could automatically be rerouted to other links. Fortunately, the Net rarely has come under enemy attack. In the 1970s, ARPA also sponsored further research into the applications of packet switching technologies. This included extending packet switching to ships at sea and ground mobile units and the use of radio for packet switching. Ethernet was created during the course of research into the use of radio for packet switching, and it was found that coaxial cable could support the movement of data at extremely fast rates of speed. The development of Ethernet was crucial to the growth of local area computer networks. The success of ARPANET made it difficult to manage, particularly with the large and growing number of university sites on it. So it was broken into two parts. The two parts consisted of MILNET, which had the military sites, and the new, smaller ARPANET, which had the nonmilitary sites. On January 1,1983, every machine connected to ARPANET had to use TCP/IP. TCP/IP became the core Internet protocol and replaced NCP (old ARPANET language) completely. Thanks to TCP/IP MILNET and ARPANET remained connected through a technical scheme called IP (Internet Protocol); which enables traffic to be routed from one network to another as necessary. All the networks connected to the Internet speak IP, so they all can exchange messages. Although there were only two networks at that time, IP was designed to allow for tens of thousands of networks. An unusual fact about the IP design is that every computer on an IP network is just as capable as any other, so any machine can communicate with any other machine. In 1985 the National Science Foundation began announcing plans for its new T1 lines, which would be finished by 1988. Soon after the completion of the T1 backbone, traffic increased so quickly that plans immediately began on upgrading the network again. The same year the concept of the T3, a 45 Mbps was introduced to the public. While the T3 lines were being constructed, the Department of Defense disbanded the ARPANET and the T1 and later T3 backbone replaced ARPANET. The original 50Kbs lines of ARPANET were taken out of service. In 1990 ARPANET was replaced by the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET), the same company that founded the t1 and t3, to connect its supercomputers to regional networks. In my opinion I think the government did an excellent job in developing the Internet. Essentially, the ARPANET can be viewed as the embryo from which the Internet grew. The government fostered and encouraged the growth of private Internet corporations. Today the Internet spans acros s all 7 continents and connects the whole world with some clicks of a mouse and typing at the keyboard. .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f , .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f .postImageUrl , .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f , .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f:hover , .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f:visited , .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f:active { border:0!important; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f:active , .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6152f7d4116dc3fa3a798365119ce52f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Theme Of Inherit The Wind EssayBibliography:BibliographyBooks1.)Casting the Net: From Arpanet to Internet and Beyond (Unix and Open Systems Series) Peter H. Salus / Paperback / Published 1995 2.) Building the Arpanet: Unpublished Source Documents of the FirstPeter Salus(Editor) / Hardcover / Published 1998

Women and Consumption in Japan

Introduction At the start of the 1990s when the economic bubble exploded, the earlier sense of individuality amongst the majority of Japanese consumers became clattered as the idea of permanent employment busted and numerous people were fired from their jobs. This uneasy era of economic decline together with the appearance of independent-minded women, added to a collapse of traditional societal systems and the formation of a Japanese customer with preferences that varied noticeably in comparison to the bubble era.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and Consumption in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the previous decade, there was suppressing of lux-aholic conduct with respect to the 1980s craving. Nevertheless today, as the Consumer Confidence Index remains less than 50, customer attitude is moderately positive as the nation and its populace gradually ascend out of a downturn stage. Addit ionally, as opposed to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where fashions, cuteness, and brands are an appearance of social status, earnings coupled with refined preferences that permit consumers to differentiate themselves from the typical in Japanese fashion signify the typical Japanese (Japan Market Resource Network, 2007, pp. 2-3). The methodology used in this research project can be employed in studying the association involving women and consumption in the United Arab Emirates. In a bid to shed light on major alterations in the connection involving women and consumption in Japan, this research paper discusses Japanese consumers, examines accessible secondary data, and discusses consumer groups. In addition, this research paper carries out an Internet study to elucidate Japanese views, mindsets, and aspirations toward fashions, cuteness, and brands. This paper reflects the varying positions and attitudes of Japanese women toward purchasing fashions, cuteness, and brands. Moreover, t his paper will disclose that concern in fashions, cuteness, and brands has decreased with time (Chadha, Husband, 2006, pp. 56-68). However, there is plenty of proof that fashions, cuteness, and brands that uphold significance in satisfying varying consumer preferences will unsurprisingly find constant success. In any case, during the gloomier financial period, total income for chief fashions, cuteness, and brands maintained an increasing tendency and consumer attitude continued to tilt positively. Women play a crucial role in contemporary Japanese consumption and media in term of fashions, cuteness, and brands. Research Question Individual value, corporate groups, and social identification influence consumption among Japanese women’s fashion, cuteness, and brands. The following research question has been formulated to satisfy the purpose and aim of this research paper: What is the relationship between women and consumption in Japan?Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Purpose and aim Japanese women have an extensive variety of fashions, cuteness, and brands and extensive launch of luxury customs by youthful women. Consequently, the aim of this research paper is to discover the association between women and consumption in Japan. The paper as well seeks to discover the extent of the position of women in modern Japanese spending and media with respect to fashions, cuteness, and brands, which comprises luxury favourite individual and non-luxury favourite individual qualities. The range of luxury brands discussed in this research paper is limited to fashions, cuteness, and brands; nevertheless, the paper will touch on luxury brands at times. The outcome of this research paper could assist luxury brand dealers who would want to venture into the Japanese market and those already existing in the Japanese market and desire to uphold the faithfulness of their clients. It could as well be a section of the research on global consumer conduct toward consumption of fashions, cuteness, and brands and marketing tactics in Japan. Literature Review Women consumers in Japan are unmatched in their assessment to the world’s fashions, cuteness, and brands, driving more than 40 per cent of international income in an international luxury made merchandise market whose value is estimated to be 50 billion US Dollars. Luxury branded merchandise from other countries started to change the retail setting in Japan at around the 1980s, as their accomplishment was propagated by the affluence of the intoxicatingly prosperous bubble period of the 1980s. The shopping-stimulated women in Japan retorted to their pristine affluence in a joint â€Å"lux-aholic† binge. In Japanese community fashions, cuteness, and brands evolved from standing symbols to social systems by recognising the possessor as fitting in the bigger corporate group. In the afo rementioned social background, not embracing the matching â€Å"standing† could induce uneasiness (Tian, Bearden, Hunter, 2001, pp. 50-66). The state of mind of the women facilitated sustenance of powerful presence of fashions, cuteness, and brands in Japan in spite of macro-economic difficulties. Nowadays, Japanese women are rising from the refuge of the corporate group as they turn out to be progressively comfortable articulating their distinctiveness- whether via the expression of views formerly construed as excessively assertive or defiant, or through incorporating judgments that reveal personal identities. Assurance in articulating individual tastes is a revolutionary disappearance in a society where consistency has been the principle.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and Consumption in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Japanese women are classier than ever in their consumption co nduct (Nia, Zaichkowsky, 2000, pp. 485-487). The varying consumption patterns of Japanese women, the shifting attitudes, and standards are vital to comprehending contemporary fashions, cuteness, and brands market in Japan. The Japanese women have a tendency of holding a stronger concern in purchasing fashions, cuteness, and brands in comparison to that of men. The existence of women in the labour force is a motivating force because working away from home stimulates expenditure on self-consumption. On the same note, most women are holding up marriage, which is contributing to the high number of unmarried women in their thirties and above in the labour force, and thus offering those women higher amounts of disposable earnings to use on fashions, cuteness, and brands. In the last 20 years, Japanese women have turned to defy formulaic homemaker duties with the intention of pursuing professions or even merely part-time vocations (Nia, Zaichkowsky, 2000, pp. 488-497). Even though numero us of these posts are mainly secretarial or managerial conventionally, from the year 1997 Japanese women of between 30 and 44 years of age in the labour force have augmented by 15 per cent. In Japan, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication accounted that there were over 16 million women of between 20 and 49 years in the labour force, in 2007 and those of between 30 and 39 years claiming the larger portion of the aforementioned group. Amid Japanese female consumers, parasite singles constitute the highest number of voracious consumers of fashions, cuteness, and brands. Parasite singles comprise about four million single women in the labour force of between 20 and 34 years who reside with their parents and thus do not incur rent expenses. Since they have minimal monetary responsibilities, these women use nearly 10 per cent of their yearly income on fashions, cuteness, and brands. A research by Japan Market Resource Network (JMRN) disclosed that, conventionally, numerous you nger Japanese women buy fashions, cuteness, and brands to recompense themselves for their hard work. In addition, a new female affluent class has appeared with an income of above  ¥10 million ($86,597 US dollars) per annum (JMRN, 2007, pp. 4-6). The highly paid women use approximately 10 per cent of their yearly earnings on embellishment for individual and professional causes. The Japanese women accounted using their funds on â€Å"eating out†, â€Å"luxury brands†, â€Å"trips†, and â€Å"vehicles†, with the biggest amount assigned toward condominium acquisition of approximately  ¥30 million ($260,870 US dollars). Essentially, scores of these women have a tendency of spending on fashions, cuteness, and brands in a comparatively spontaneous way.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Over the years, publishers have aimed at Japanese women in the labour force and aged between 24 and 30 years with magazines (for instance, 25ans) that concentrate on fashions, cuteness, and brands. It is also appealing to note that fashion magazines aiming the unwarranted section of prosperous women of between 30 and 40 years have of late started to flourish, representing the purchasing command of this significant group (Eastman, Iyer, 2012, pp. 80-96). Methodology Data Collection This research paper used secondary data. The secondary sources used include journals, online libraries, Google scholar, books, and information from research by Japan Market Resource Network (JMRN). Secondary data Secondary data is helpful owing to its cost effectiveness. In addition, secondary data is employed to obtain early awareness into the study problem. This research paper gathered secondary data mostly from Google Scholar site, online libraries (for instance, EBSCOhost), books, and journals that gi ve well-informed articles and study in accordance with women and consumption in Japan. A different remarkable database that provided significant information is Mod’Art International Fashion Design and Management School Library (MIFDMSL), which is situated in the capital city of France, Paris. In view of the fact that the majority of luxury fashion brands used by Japanese women trace their origin to France, this database was vital. Many of the desirable and distinguished luxury brands in the world are created in France. Moreover, Paris stands out as the world’s stylish city. Findings and Data Analysis Quality overrides Brand Focus groupings with Japanese women consumers permitted JMRN to comprehend insights concerning â€Å"fashions, brands, and cuteness† in a Japanese background. Particularly, the main attributes that Japanese female consumers pointed out as contributing to the consumption of a luxury brand (according to precedence) include quality, recognised b rand legacy, and upholding of steady prices. Of the total 20 interviewees (from all age brackets), several respondents sharply associated quality with the practice of purchasing and possessing a luxury brand comprising consumer service as well as suitability. The research by JMRN as well pointed out that, the importance of brand name to women consumers in Japan is diminishing (JMRN, 2007, p. 7). The decrease in the importance of a brand name is a crucial pointer of the change from the consumption of fashions, cuteness, and brands as collective code to consumption founded on personal taste. Fig. 1: Women and consumption in Japan Consumer mindsets and Approach The modern shift past social codes based on traditions is affecting the basis of individuality for both male and female consumers. Consumers’ brand preferences progressively line up with their longing for coherence and comparatively advanced intensities of personality (JMRN, 2007, p. 8). JMRN recognised five existing fun damental requirements and alarms articulated by the modern active Japanese women consumers as the following: Shift from me and to me foremost: During the period of individuality, Japanese women consumers are searching for distinctive fashions, cuteness, and brands despite the price. Mind, Body, and Soul: Japanese women consumers are seeking improved brand knowledge. Variety in Brand existence: Japanese women consumers simply admit and consider that cheap brands are capable of conveying value as regards quality and usefulness. What is in a Tag? : During the period of inexpensive manufacturing, legitimacy still controls every other aspect. Emerald Effect: Japanese women consumers prefer â€Å"green† luxury. The research by JMRN revealed an increasing opposition amid Japanese women consumers to having identical fashion and brands with everybody else. This tendency was mainly obvious among Japanese female consumers of all ages, from the youthful parasite singles to elder wealth y women (SueLin, 2010, pp. 2810-2812). Some of the luxury brands that most Japanese women consumers prefer include the following. Gucci – Bottega Veneta -Hermes Tiffany – Bulgari – Coach Christian Dior – Car tier – Chanel Louis Vuitton Forty-four percent of the women consumers in Japan prefer Louis Vuitton bag to other bags. The research by JMRN demonstrated that the degree of penetration is starting to stabilise in the modern Japanese fashions, cuteness, and brands market (Hata, 2003, pp. 4-7). In interviews, Japanese women across every age articulated the sense that an elevated penetration and profile of fashions, cuteness, and brands decreases their desirable value. Further disparaging from the value of fashions, cuteness, and brands is the reality that several youthful women, comprising students from secondary schools, can now manage to pay for beautification packages (SueLin, 2010, pp. 2813-2815). Successful luxury brands are the ones that a ct in response to the preference of Japanese women consumers for distinctive products. From the interviews, it was recognised that the Bottega Veneta, a brand from Italy, is achieving brand drive amongst Japanese women consumers because of its quality and distinctiveness. Despite the fact that just 5 per cent of interviewees asserted having a luxury brand from Bottega Veneta, 20 per cent pointed out that it is a successful brand at present. Chanel, Car tier, Christian Dior, and Coach embrace a comparable status. On the other hand, brands like Gucci, Hermes, Tiffany, and Bulgari that have both high extents of brand responsiveness and market access are dropping off their impetus as Japanese women consumers progressively declare that these luxury brands do not merit their pricy costs (JMRN, 2007, pp. 9-11). Variety Japanese women consumers simply understand and deem that inexpensive fashions, cuteness, and brands could as well be of high quality and usefulness. During the 1980s, the pu rchase of fashions, cuteness, and brands was anchored in their status and attractiveness. From the interview, 20 per cent of the Japanese women consumers had the same opinion that purchasing luxury brands expresses achievement and social grade. As the Japanese women consumers attain higher state of self-assurance, numerous do not consider the requirement to attest themselves through the purchase of a luxury brand. Importantly, the marketers of fashion, cuteness, and brands are facing more difficulties with time in drawing and upholding devoted consumers, particularly as they become aged (JMRN, 2007, pp. 12-13). According to research, as the Japanese women consumers age, it turns out to be very hard for them to declare that fashion, cuteness, and brands offer them confidence. Simultaneously, the earlier negative feelings of Japanese women consumers as concerns buying of brands at reduced prices are varying (Silverstein, Fiske, 2003, pp. 32-35). At present, it is generally satisfacto ry to acquire cheap brands from discount shops. Half of the respondents did not consider the requirement to possess luxury brands any longer since they consider non-branded outfit and other products as satisfactory. At around the age of 40 years, Japanese women consumers confirmed to be strongly attracted to non-branded fashion, cuteness, and brands as compared to women around the age of 20 years. This aspect implies that Japanese women consumers in later life might unsurprisingly prioritise the needs of their families (husband and children) than need for self-spending, or merely have more attention in usefulness of brands. With an amalgamation of enhanced self-assurance, changing life phase priorities along with an adjusted description of worth, Japanese women consumers are gradually combining high and low standards of living, a tendency as well witnessed across international markets (JMRN, 2007, pp. 14-16). A number of consumers decisively reduce in one section to indulge in a dif ferent one. Fig. 2: Sufficiency of non-branded products Discussion Democratisation of fashion, cuteness, and brands coupled with the frequency and convenience of luxury brands is as apparent amid Japanese women consumers as it is worldwide. In Japan, market tendencies solicit the continuation of counter-inclinations, as revealed in consumer swings from fashions, cuteness, and brands that are excessively readily accessible. Contemporary luxury brands reflect influential yearnings for superiority, distinctiveness, and personal identities amid Japanese women consumers. Therefore, top brands are presenting limited and unique versions; nevertheless, Japanese women consumers are searching for profound associations with quality than merely purchasing of brands. Research by JMRN established that a great number of aged women in Japan purchase non-branded products while most of the youthful women go for branded products. Generally, currently Japanese women consumers actually take pleasure in the knowledge of a fashion, cuteness, and brand, as compared to just purchasing the product itself. In the last decade, reactions of the marketers of fashion, cuteness, and brands to the needs of Japanese women consumers for entire brand knowledge have increased. Going past the anticipated advanced ranks of consumer service, thriving fashions, cuteness, and brands now recommend enriching all features of the life of consumers coupled with full brand knowledge for body, mind, and soul. While Japanese women consumers crave for brand contacts past the retail setting, fashions, cuteness, and brands are no more merely selling to consumers, but are offering services to be examined for a particular extent of quality. Conclusion Fashion, cuteness, and brands that wish to be successful will be required to acclimatise and reflect on ever-varying consumer desires coupled with their mindsets and attitudes compelled by constantly varying social demographics. Category income will constantly be he ld up by prosperous Japanese women as well as by the parasite singles. Nevertheless, fashion, cuteness, and brands that maintain their pulsate on the advancing tendencies might discover that fresh sectors can be cultivated past consumers that lie in the luxury supporter group in addition to the ones whose attention may be deteriorating. While yearning for distinctive and quality products by Japanese women consumers rises, the significance that rests on brand name is declining and thereby offering opportunities for fresh entries (for instance from France) both at the luxury class and to safe fashion selections at cheaper prices (SueLin, 2010, pp. 2816-2821). The same methodology used in this paper can be employed in studying the association involving women and consumption in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). References Chadha, R., Husband, P. (2006). The Cult of Luxury Brands: Inside Asia’s Love Affair with Luxury. London, UK: Nicholas Brealey International. Eastman, J., Iyer, R. (2012). The Relationship between Cognitive Age and Status Consumption: An Exploratory Look. Marketing Management Journal, 22(1), 80-96. Hata, K. (2003). Louis Vuitton Japan: The Building of Luxury. Tokyo: Nikkei, Inc. Japan Market Resource Network. (2007). Consumer Survey: Attitudes toward Luxury Brands. Japan: Japan Market Resource Network. Nia, A., Zaichkowsky, J. (2000). Do counterfeits devalue the ownership of luxury brands? Emeral Journal, 9(7), 485-497. Silverstein, M., Fiske, N. (2003). Trends, Brands, And Practices – The Boston Consulting Group’s 2004 Research Update to Trading Up: The New American Luxury. New York, NY: Penguin Group. SueLin, C. (2010). Understanding Consumer Purchase Behaviour in the Japanese Personal Grooming Sector. Journal of Yasar University, 5(17), 2810-2821. Tian, K., Bearden, W., Hunter, G. (2001). Consumers’ need for uniqueness: scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 50-66. This research paper on Women and Consumption in Japan was written and submitted by user Marie Thompson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Movie Analysis Essay - Basic Guidelines

Movie Analysis Essay - Basic GuidelinesIf you're interested in learning the basics of movie analysis and want to see if it can help you in a real world situation, then this is the right essay for you. It is meant to give you an understanding of the history and the themes of a movie. If you're interested in movies and you have some knowledge about movie reviews and things that are related to the movies, then you can successfully finish this essay.The first part of the essay is related to your reaction to the movie. After that, you can start analyzing the movie by answering some basic questions. Make sure you know the specific keywords that the word or phrase in the question is related to. Don't worry, I will explain it to you in a minute.The second part of the essay is related to the story and the background of the movie. This part will help you understand the theme of the movie and how it relates to the story. This part should be interesting for you because it will be showing the sto ry that is related to the movie.The last part of the essay should be about your reaction to the movie after you finish reading the question. You can answer this question as you would with any other question.The last part of the essay is the easiest part of all the essay sample because you do not have to take a survey or a real life test. Just make sure that you remember what you answered in the previous parts of the essay. Otherwise, you may forget it and you don't want that!The essay should not take more than three minutes per paragraph. If you feel that you don't have enough time, then cut it up into several paragraphs and post it all in one document. If you don't have enough time to complete the entire essay, just read the first paragraph and go from there.You will need to turn it in on the date indicated in the template. After that, you will get a response by email. It may take a while, but you will also get a feedback. Once you finished the entire essay, you can either summariz e the information you just read in the essay, take a test and get good grades or go ahead and write an essay of your own.

75 Vocabulary Words for Talking About Sports in Italian

75 Vocabulary Words for Talking About Sports in Italian When you think about sports in Italy, the first one that comes to mind is probably the infamous calcio, or soccer. And if you have spent any length of time obsessing about Italian culture or in Ital (or both)  team names like Juventus and Gli Azzurri will come to mind. But beyond calcio, there are many popular sports played in Italy, and if you want to be able to talk about the sports that you practice (or practiced in those golden years of yours), here are 75 phrases to throw around in your Italian conversations. 75 Vocabulary Words for Talking About Sports in Italian L’atletica - Athletics Athletics is a more generic field that covers things like: La corsa - RunningLa corsa campestre - Cross-countryIl footing - JoggingLa marcia - Foot raceIl salto in alto - High jumpIl salto in lungo - Long jump Faccio corso campestre. - I run cross-country. Facco la marcia perchà © à ¨ meno dannoso per il corpo rispetto alla corsa. - I do foot races because it’s less harmful for the body compared to running. Il baseball - Baseball While baseball isn’t hugely popular in Italy, it is presentwith roots dating back to World War IIand there are leagues and a championship called Lo Scudetto. Here are five vocabulary words you might find interesting: Il fuoricampo - HomerunIl guanto - MittIl lanciatore - PitcherLa mazza - BatLa prima/seconda/terza base - First/second/third base L’hai visto!? Ho battuto un fuoricampo! - Did you see it? I hit a homerun! Quando avevo 9 anni, facevo il lanciatore. - When I was 9 years old, I was the pitcher. For more vocabulary words and phrases related to baseball, check out this article. Il ciclismo  - Cycling The Giro d’Italia (also simply called Il Giro) happens every summer and is ranked as one of the top three cycling events in Europe. Here are five vocabulary words you might find interesting: La bicicletta (la bici) - Bicycle (bike)Il ciclismo su pista - Track cyclingIl ciclismo su strada - Road cyclingIl mountain biking - Mountain bikingLa sella - Bike seatLa borraccia - Water bottle Voglio iniziare a fare ciclismo, ma non riesco a trovare la bici giusta! - I want to start cycling, but I can’t find the right bike! Preferisci le mountain bike, le BMX, oppure il ciclismo su strada? - Do you prefer mountain biking, BMX, or road cycling? Il calcio - Soccer Even if you’re not a big sports fan, attending a calcio game in Italy is a cultural must, so when you do that, here are a handful of words that may be useful to you. I calciatori - Soccer playersI tifosi - FansLa partita - MatchIl portiere - GoalieL’arbitro - refereeLa curva - Part of the stadium where the ultra (hooligans) fans prefer to buy ticketsSegnare un gol - To score a goal Il calcio à ¨ lo sport piu praticato e pià ¹ seguito in tutta Italia. - Calcio is the most practiced and followed sport in all of Italy. Il numero di calciatori variano di squadra in squadra, ma sicuramente sono pià ¹ di undici. - The number of players vary from team to team, but there are definitely more than eleven.   You may also hear about a game called calcio storico, or historical football, that dates back to the 16th century. For more information related to il calcio, check out this article. La ginnastica - Gymnastics While the term â€Å"la ginnastica† can be translated to the English understanding of â€Å"gymnastics†, in Italian, it can also be thought of basic exercise and can often be substituted with â€Å"fare sport - to do a sport† or â€Å"andare in palestra - going to the gym.† Here are five vocabulary words you might find interesting: La ginnastica aerobica - Aerobic gymnasticsL’elasticit - FlexibilityLa ginnastica ritmica - Rhythmic gymnasticsLa ginnastica artistica - Artistic gymnasticsLa ginnastica acrobatica - Acrobatic gymnastics Faccio ginnastica, ma non dimagrisco! - I’m exercising, but I’m not losing weight! Hai visto la ginnastica delle Olimpiadi ieri? Gabby Douglas era fantastica!  - Did you see the gymnastics section of the Olympics yesterday? Gabby Douglas was amazing! Il nuoto  - Swimming Here are 5 key vocabulary words: Il costume da bagno - Swimming suitGli occhialini - Swim GogglesLa piscina - PoolNuotare a farfalla - Butterfly stroke swimNuotare a stile libero - Freestyle swim Lo sci - Skiing There are beautiful areas in Italy from the Italian Dolomites in the north to Mount Etna in the south. Here are 5 key vocabulary words: Le bacchette - RodsLa discesa - DescentLa neve - SnowLa pista - TrackGli sci - Skis Vai sulle Dolomiti quest’anno? Io, sà ¬, infatti ho comprato un nuovo paio di sci. - Are you go to the Dolomites this year? I’m going, in fact, I bought a new pair of skis. Mi piace sciare, ma a dire il vero, preferisco fare snowboarding. - I like to ski, but to tell the truth, I prefer to snowboard. Other Sports La danza - DanceIl motociclismo - MotorcyclingLa pallacanestro - BasketballLa pallavolo - VolleyballLa pesca sportiva - Recreational fishingIl tennis - TennisL’equitazione - Horse riding

The Role of DNA in Evolution

The Role of DNA in Evolution Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the blueprint for all inherited characteristics in living things. It is a very long sequence, written in code, that needs to be transcribed and translated before a cell can make the proteins that are essential for life. Any sort of changes in the DNA sequence can lead to changes in those proteins, and, in turn, they can translate into changes in the traits those proteins control. Changes at a molecular level lead to microevolution of species. The Universal Genetic Code The DNA in living things is highly conserved. DNA has only four nitrogenous bases that code for all differences in living things on Earth. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine line up in a specific order and a group of three, or a codon, code for one of 20Â  amino acids found on Earth. The order of those amino acids determines what protein is made. Remarkably enough, only four nitrogenous bases that make only 20 amino acids account for all diversity of life on Earth. There has not been any other code or system found in any living (or once living) organism on Earth. Organisms from bacteria to humans to dinosaurs all have the same DNA system as a genetic code. This may point to evidence that all life evolved from a single common ancestor. Changes in DNA All cells are pretty well-equipped with a way to check a DNA sequence for mistakes before and after cell division, or mitosis. Most mutations, or changes in DNA, are caught before copies are made and those cells are destroyed. However, there are times when small changes do not make that much of a difference and will pass through the checkpoints. These mutations may add up over time and change some of the functions of that organism. If these mutations happen in somatic cells, in other words, normal adult body cells, then these changes do not affect future offspring. If the mutations happen in gametes, or sex cells, those mutations do get passed down to the next generation and may affect the function of the offspring. These gamete mutations lead to microevolution. Evidence for Evolution DNA has only come to be understood over the last century. The technology has been improving and has allowed scientists to not only map out entire genomes of many species, but they also use computers to compare those maps. By entering genetic information of different species, it is easy to see where they overlap and where there are differences. The more closely species are related on the phylogenetic tree of life, the more closely their DNA sequences will overlap. Even very distantly related species will have some degree of DNA sequence overlap. Certain proteins are needed for even the most basic processes of life, so those selected parts of the sequence that codes for those proteins will be conserved in all species on Earth. DNA Sequencing and Divergence Now that DNA fingerprinting has become easier, cost-effective, and efficient, the DNA sequences of a wide variety of species can be compared. In fact, it is possible to estimate when the two species diverged or branched off through speciation. The larger the percentage of differences in the DNA between two species, the greater the amount of time the two species have been separate. These molecular clocks can be used to help fill in the gaps of the fossil record. Even if there are missing links within the timeline of history on Earth, the DNA evidence can give clues as to what happened during those time periods. While random mutation events may throw off the molecular clock data at some points, it is still a pretty accurate measure of when species diverged and became new species.

The EasyJet strategic management process Assignment

The EasyJet strategic management process - Assignment Example Strategic management is a major aspect that cannot be overlooked in order to attain the objectives in any given company. Being undertaken by top level managers, this paper covers the three essential stages involved in strategic management. These include strategic analysis, strategy formulation and strategy implementation. During the strategic analysis process, firms make appropriate choices that act as guidelines during the next stages This paper covers the strategies that EasyJet Airline, a British based firm has adopted thus making it to attain a competitive edge in the airline industry. This paper depicts selection of the best courses of action as the key aspect during the strategy formulation process. Similar to the use of environmental scanning tools including PESTEL and SWOT in the strategic analysis, managers in EasyJet among other local and international companies also use the tools during strategy formulation. The third stage covered by this paper is the strategy implementat ion. During this stage, organizations translate the plans as set in the previous stages into actions that are focused at attaining the objectives. Strategic Management Process 1.0 Introduction Strategic management entails analyzing the primary initiatives that are undertaken by firm’s top level managers on behalf of other stakeholders including the shareholders and employees among others. Some of the notable initiatives that are involved in the strategic analysis include evaluation of firm’s internal and external environments as well as monitoring the use of resources within a company. Additionally, it entails establishing the vision and the mission of an organization, objectives as well as developing policies that are geared towards achieving the set objectives. In order to ensure that the roles of strategic management are effectively attained, it is imperative for managers to maintain a balanced score card. This is a tool that is used to evaluate the entire performan ce of an organization and its progress towards achieving the goals as outlined by the top level management team. As local and international firms engage in investing in their resources including workers to meet the stiff competition in the market, strategic management has been one of the issues that have not been overlooked (Kotler and Kevin, 2009). One of the major companies that have embarked on adopting of strategic management policies is EasyJet Airline Company. EasyJet Airline Company is a Britain based airline company that enjoys more than 600 routes in 30 countries. Being headquartered in London, the company employs more than 8,000 employees who are responsible for spearheading its services in the international market. EasyJet was established and launched in 1995 by Stelios Haji-Ioannou, a renowned businessman. In the airline industry, EasyJet has acquired a competitive edge based on its effective marketing strategies that involves providing prioritizing safety and strong tea m work that ensures the company policies are attained. It is vital to note that the company has achieved key positions in major markets that include London Stansted, Paris Charles De Gaulle, Rome Fiumicino, London Gatwick, London Southend and London Luton among others. Another aspect that has made the company to attain a competitive position is the acquisition of rival companies. In this way, the company capital base and marketing strategies have been boosted to a significant level. Some of the notable firms that EasyJet has acquired include TEA Basle, London Stansted-based Go, GB Airways among others. This paper will discuss the three major processes of strategic management that includes strategic analysis, strategy formulation and strategy implementation in relation to the EasyJet Airline

State v. Wong (1994), 95 Ohio App. 3d 39 Case Study

State v. Wong (1994), 95 Ohio App. 3d 39 - Case Study Example erdict, on the account of insanity, but these possibilities were quickly eradicated, after two psychologists declined to testify that she might not have been sane on the day of the felony, The Appellant had sent a letter to her husband, threatening him, which illustrated the lack of sanity from the Appellant. The drugs and alcohol influence she was under in combination with the medication she had consumed could have also altered her reasoning and the claim by her daughter that she was â€Å"unwell† during the 911 call is an indication of the possibility that she was not sane while committing the felony. Dr. Jackson asserted that the appellant suffered from a paranoid delusional disorder and could have been under the disorder’s influence during the committing of the crime. The ignored these claims, returning the guilty verdict on all counts back into place. The court ended up sentencing her to fifteen to forty years in a state penitentiary, 12 years for each count of felony done, one year on every count of vandalism and did not sentence her on the gun specification count. These sentences were to run concurrently. The lack of consent of the letter, throughout the trial was unfair and unjust on Wong’s case, but the verdict passed was a bit considerate to that passed by the lower courts. Lack of consideration of the doctors insights was also vaguely